Denver Seminary

2019-2020 Student Handbook 65 believing community must not in any way support the misperception that Christians hate others who have embraced sexual behaviors or gender identities that are not consistent with those affirmed in Scripture. Redemption and transformation are deeply rooted in the gospel message. So must they also permeate the Church's life and mission. Notes 1 Sexuality is not limited to just physical or biological reproductive elements and behaviors but also includes the ways individuals view their own identities, social roles, relationships, values, customs and norms. In this document we use the phrase "sexuality" to encompass the physical, psychological, social and emotional realities of sexual behavior, sexual orientation, and gender identity. Within psychological literature, "gender identity" describes an individual's internal psychological or cognitive and emotional identification or disidentification with their biological sex. It is generally defined as the extent to which an individual accepts, integrates, values, and identifies as being either male or female, masculine or feminine, or a combination thereof. 2 If such were the case, then one could argue that the ban on coveting, for example (Exodus 20:17; Deuteronomy 5:21), applies only to men because it explicitly mentions only wives (and not husbands) as an object of coveting. 3 The Leviticus passages clearly prohibit homosexual activity. Attempts to qualify these prohibitions by ignoring their broad apodictic nature are not exegetically convincing. For example, to argue that this applies only to close relatives who live in Israel ignores the book's wilderness context (Leviticus was not given in the land of Israel). On the other hand, the suggestion that the idiom, "lie in the beds of," refers to a non-sexual activity, on the basis of four of the five other occurrences of this expression (Psalm 149:5; Isaiah 57:2; Hosea 7:14; and Micah 2:1), is problematic. The fifth occurrence, Genesis 35:22, does refer to an illicit sexual act (Reuben lying with his father's concubine). Further, this interpretation misses the context of both Leviticus 18 and 20, which are primarily concerned with forbidden sexual activity. Only in these two locations is the full phrase used, "you shall not lie in the beds of a woman." These attempts appear as special pleading to avoid the implications of the text. The laws regarding homosexuality in Leviticus 18 and 20 should be considered in the ancient Near Eastern cultural context, in the Israelite social context, and in the literary context of Leviticus. Leviticus 18:2-3, 24-28 identify the prohibited practices here, including homosexuality, as forbidden because they were practiced by the Egyptians and by the peoples of Canaan. While mythic texts of Egypt and of Ugarit (a city on the modern Syrian coast whose myths regarding Baal and other deities provide a 13th century B.C. background for Canaanite beliefs) do indeed describe various sexual practices forbidden in Leviticus 18 (and 20), they do not specify homosexual activities. Across the ancient world (except for child rape which is banned), only the Middle Assyrian laws (14th- 11th centuries B.C.) prohibit homosexual activity, wherein as punishment the perpetrator was to be sodomized and castrated. Thus, as found at Sodom (and Hivite influence at Gibeah), homosexuality may well have been practiced in the land of Canaan. Sociologically, early Israel was a patrilineal, kinship-based, agrarian society, generally surviving at a subsistence level and valuing large families for economic survival. This is demonstrated by the narratives of Judges, Ruth, and 1 Samuel. These place Israel in the hill country in small villages. There extended families live together around the oldest male and female. Married couples and young families tend to live with or near the husband's side of the family and the identity of both men and women tends to be defined by the patronym (X son/daughter of Y, where Y is the father) and the male line. This description also concurs with the archaeological excavations of Israelite villages with clusters of the so-called four-room (or pillared) houses, ideal for an extended family. This explains the particular prohibited incest relations, which fit in a patrilineal extended family. Generally, they identify relations a male would encounter in his household (e.g., a sister, mother, daughter, daughter-in-law, etc.). The default masculine gender in Hebrew grammar is part of the patrilineal culture and found in other laws such as the Ten Commandments (e.g., don't covet your neighbor's wife). However, as the Ten Commandments apply to women as well as men, it can be assumed that the corresponding incest prohibitions would exist for the women of the household. The same is true of the homosexual prohibitions. They should be assumed to apply to both men and

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